The Benefits of Multimodal Treatment for ADHD free essay sample

A look at the form of treatment for ADHD known as multimodal treatment and how it can respond to the limitations of psychostimulants, the most common form of treatment for ADHD. This paper delves into the form of treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) known as Multimodal Treatment and the research being done for Attention Behavior Deficit Disorder. The paper explains that multimodal treatment combines pharmacological treatment with physical accommodations and behavioral therapy to help individuals with ADHD perform at a higher level than treatment with medication alone. Imagine over 2 million children in the United States affected with a psychological disorder which is chronic and significantly disabling. Children who suffer from this disorder are frequently highly emotional, may be aggressive, tend to be underachievers and may feel highly agitated and frustrated most of the time. These children are often lonely and isolated from peers as a result of the unpredictable and erratic behavior that characterize this disorder. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Multimodal Treatment for ADHD or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In their teens and early adulthood suffers of this disorder are more likely than peers to drop out of school, use illicit drugs (Garber, Garber, Spizman, 1996), change jobs frequently and often experience depression (Solden, 1995). This is the landscape for the estimated 3 to 5% of United States children diagnosed as having Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)(Garber et al., 1996). The most common treatment for this disorder consists of medication to alleviate symptoms. However, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000), multimodal treatments that consist of a combination of behavioral therapy and medication provide better outcomes for children with complex problems like ADHD. Specifically, The National Institute of Mental Health conducted the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (called the MTA Study)(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1999). The MTA Study documented 579 children over a period of 14 months. The children wer e divided into four groups; a control group, a group which received medication, a group which recived behavioral therapy, and a group which received multimodal treatment. This study demonstrated that after 14 months of treatment, children who received combined treatments performed better in six outcome areas social skills, parent child relations, internalizing symptoms, reading achievement, oppositional and/or aggressive symptoms and parent and/or consumer satisfaction- whereas children receiving only medication improved in only one to two of these areas and children in the control group and in the behavioral therapy groups showed clinically significant improvement in any of these areas (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999).

Thulium Facts

Thulium Facts Thulium is one of the rarest of the rare earth metals. This silver-gray metals share many common properties with other lanthanides but also displays some unique characteristics. Here is a look at some interesting thulium facts: Although the rare earth elements arent all that rare, they are so-named because they are difficult to extract from their ores and purify. Thulium actually is the least abundant of the rare earths.Thulium metal is soft enough that it can be cut with a knife. Like other rare earths, it is malleable and ductile.Thulium has a silvery appearance. It is fairly stable in air. It reacts slowly in water and more quickly in acids.Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve discovered thulium in 1879 from an analysis of the mineral erbia, a source of several rare earth elements.Thulium is named for the early name for Scandinavia- Thule.The principal source of thulium is the mineral monazite, which contains thulium at a concentration of  about 20 parts per million.Thulium is not toxic, although it has no known biological function.Natural thulium consists of one stable isotope, Tm-169. 32 radioactive isotopes of thulium have been produced, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 177.The most common oxidati on state of thulium is Tm3. This trivalent ion most commonly forms green compounds. When excited, Tm3 emits a strong blue fluorescence. One interesting fact is that this fluorescence, along with red from europium Eu3  and green from terbium Tb3, is used as security markers in Euro banknotes. The fluorescence appears when the notes are held under black or ultraviolet light. Because of its rarity and expense, there are not many uses for thulium and its compounds. However, it is used to dope YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers, in ceramic magnetic materials, and as a radiation source (after bombardment in a reactor) for portable x-ray equipment. Thulium Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: Thulium Atomic Number: 69 Symbol: Tm Atomic Weight: 168.93421 Discovery: Per Theodor Cleve 1879 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2 Element Classification: Rare Earth (Lanthanide) Word Origin: Thule, the ancient name of Scandinavia. Density (g/cc): 9.321 Melting Point (K): 1818 Boiling Point (K): 2220 Appearance: soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal Atomic Radius (pm): 177 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 156 Ionic Radius: 87 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.160 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 232 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.25 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 589 Oxidation States: 3, 2 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.540 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.570 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table

Discuss the role that governments have played in the development of Essay

Discuss the role that governments have played in the development of the Australian system of employment relations since 1980 - Essay Example Therefore, a sound employment relations system should create a favourable environment that is ideal for achieving maximum economic efficiency, motivation, productivity, employee development, and enhancing employee loyalty (Lewis, et al., 2003, p. 7). There are three main parties that make up the employment relations systems: employers, employees and the government. Employers have certain rights that are provided by their state labour laws. The main employer right is the ability to hire and fire employees. They also have a right to relocate, close or enter into collaboration with their company of choice. Moreover, employers have the right to introduce new technologies within the work place. Rights exercised by the employer may to some extent affect the employees adversely (Gardner, 1997, p. 6). Employees always aim at getting the best terms and conditions of employment from their employers. This process involves sharing their opinions with the management and also airing their grievanc es. Employees also use trade unions to fight for the right to take part in decision making at their workplace. Workers unions serve the purpose of presenting concerns of workers to the management, and they are as a result of workers uniting together against their employers (Gardner, 1997, p. 7). State and central government are particularly crucial in influencing and regulating employment relations through rules, laws, memorandums, and issuance of awards. Government includes tribunal courts, third parties and labour institution within the government (Gardner, 1997, p. 9). The three main parties in the employment system have their own representative bodies, which work on behalf of the entire party. Employers are represented by employers associations, employees by trade unions while the government is represented by the courts and tribunals such as Fair Work Australia (Forsyth and Stewart 2009, p. 4). The scope of employment relations is extremely wide, and there are five main issues c overed under the employment relations scope. These issues include collective bargaining, mechanisms for settling employment disputes, standing orders, involvement of workers in decision making process, and unfair labour practices (Rose, 2008, p. 11). Employers should be in the forefront in ensuring that there is a strong and healthy relationship between them and their employees. These excellent relationships can only be achieved through employment relations programs that are vital in the development of a motivated, competent, and loyal team of employees. This team can only be achieved through a well structured employment relations program that focuses on employee training, employee surveys, employee reward and recognition, and employee appraisal. Moreover, the program should focus on proper conflict resolution mechanism and hiring of most suitable workers (Lewis, et al., 2003, p. 27). Employment relations systems from various countries around the world operate in different styles, b ut the main aim is to maintain a healthy relationship between all the parties involved. Governments have contributed immensely in the creation of ideal working environments for the citizens. The Australian government is one such